The effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with hypertension: A retrospective, single-center trial.
Identifieur interne : 000149 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000148; suivant : 000150The effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with hypertension: A retrospective, single-center trial.
Auteurs : Haiming Cui [République populaire de Chine] ; Feng Wu [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhenyu Fan [République populaire de Chine] ; Xin Cheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Jilin Cheng [République populaire de Chine] ; Min Fan [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Medicina clinica [ 1578-8989 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte (MeSH), Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Chine (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Hypertension artérielle (complications), Hypertension artérielle (traitement médicamenteux), Indice de gravité de la maladie (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic), Infections à coronavirus (thérapie), Infections à coronavirus (étiologie), Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (effets indésirables), Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (usage thérapeutique), Mâle (MeSH), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic), Pneumopathie virale (thérapie), Pneumopathie virale (étiologie), Pronostic (MeSH), Sujet âgé (MeSH), Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH), Toux (induit chimiquement), Toux (virologie), Études cas-témoins (MeSH), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- diagnostic : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- effets indésirables : Hypertension artérielle, Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine.
- induit chimiquement : Toux.
- thérapie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- traitement médicamenteux : Hypertension artérielle.
- usage thérapeutique : Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine.
- virologie : Toux.
- étiologie : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale.
- Adulte, Adulte d'âge moyen, Betacoronavirus, Chine, Femelle, Humains, Indice de gravité de la maladie, Mâle, Pandémies, Pronostic, Sujet âgé, Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus, Études cas-témoins, Études rétrospectives.
- Wicri :
- geographic : République populaire de Chine.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adult (MeSH), Aged (MeSH), Aged, 80 and over (MeSH), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (adverse effects), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (therapeutic use), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Case-Control Studies (MeSH), China (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis), Coronavirus Infections (etiology), Coronavirus Infections (therapy), Cough (chemically induced), Cough (virology), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Hypertension (complications), Hypertension (drug therapy), Male (MeSH), Middle Aged (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis), Pneumonia, Viral (etiology), Pneumonia, Viral (therapy), Prognosis (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Severity of Illness Index (MeSH).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.
- geographic : China.
- chemically induced : Cough.
- complications : Hypertension.
- diagnosis : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- drug therapy : Hypertension.
- etiology : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- therapy : Coronavirus Infections, Pneumonia, Viral.
- virology : Cough.
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Betacoronavirus, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs in the worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can mediate coronavirus entry into host cells. Therefore, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) were suspected of contributing to the increase of coronavirus infection. We aimed to analyze the effects of RASI in COVID-19 patients with hypertension.
PATIENTS AND METHOD
In this retrospective, single-center study, 27 COVID-19 patients with hypertension, who were admitted to the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 25, 2020 to January 31, 2020, were analyzed for clinical features, laboratory parameters, medications and the length of stay. All the patients were given antiviral and antihypertension treatment, of which 14 patients were treated with RASI and 13 patients without RASI.
RESULTS
Comparing the two groups, we did not found statistically significant differences in clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Furthermore, cough was not aggravated.
CONCLUSIONS
Through the analysis of this small sample, RASI could be deemed safe and effective to control high blood pressure of COVID-19 patients. Further analysis with a larger sampling size is required to explore the underlying mechanisms.
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.007
PubMed: 32747012
PubMed Central: PMC7287454
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Electronic address: fanminyueyang@outlook.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Shanghai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Medicina clinica</title><idno type="eISSN">1578-8989</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult (MeSH)</term><term>Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Aged, 80 and over (MeSH)</term><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (adverse effects)</term><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (therapeutic use)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Case-Control Studies (MeSH)</term><term>China (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnosis)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (etiology)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (therapy)</term><term>Cough (chemically induced)</term><term>Cough (virology)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Hypertension (complications)</term><term>Hypertension (drug therapy)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Middle Aged (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnosis)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (etiology)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (therapy)</term><term>Prognosis (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Severity of Illness Index (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte (MeSH)</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Chine (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Hypertension artérielle (complications)</term><term>Hypertension artérielle (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Indice de gravité de la maladie (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (diagnostic)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (thérapie)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (étiologie)</term><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (effets indésirables)</term><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine (usage thérapeutique)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (diagnostic)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (thérapie)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (étiologie)</term><term>Pronostic (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé (MeSH)</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus (MeSH)</term><term>Toux (induit chimiquement)</term><term>Toux (virologie)</term><term>Études cas-témoins (MeSH)</term><term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>China</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="chemically induced" xml:lang="en"><term>Cough</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Hypertension</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Hypertension</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hypertension artérielle</term><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="induit chimiquement" xml:lang="fr"><term>Toux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="thérapie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hypertension artérielle</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="usage thérapeutique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Toux</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Cough</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Aged, 80 and over</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Case-Control Studies</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Prognosis</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term><term>Severity of Illness Index</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte</term><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Chine</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Indice de gravité de la maladie</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Pronostic</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus</term><term>Études cas-témoins</term><term>Études rétrospectives</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>République populaire de Chine</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs in the worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can mediate coronavirus entry into host cells. Therefore, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) were suspected of contributing to the increase of coronavirus infection. We aimed to analyze the effects of RASI in COVID-19 patients with hypertension.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PATIENTS AND METHOD</b></p><p>In this retrospective, single-center study, 27 COVID-19 patients with hypertension, who were admitted to the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 25, 2020 to January 31, 2020, were analyzed for clinical features, laboratory parameters, medications and the length of stay. All the patients were given antiviral and antihypertension treatment, of which 14 patients were treated with RASI and 13 patients without RASI.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Comparing the two groups, we did not found statistically significant differences in clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Furthermore, cough was not aggravated.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>Through the analysis of this small sample, RASI could be deemed safe and effective to control high blood pressure of COVID-19 patients. Further analysis with a larger sampling size is required to explore the underlying mechanisms.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32747012</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1578-8989</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>155</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Medicina clinica</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Med Clin (Barc)</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>The effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with hypertension: A retrospective, single-center trial.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>295-298</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0025-7753(20)30362-6</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.007</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE">A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs in the worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can mediate coronavirus entry into host cells. Therefore, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) were suspected of contributing to the increase of coronavirus infection. We aimed to analyze the effects of RASI in COVID-19 patients with hypertension.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PATIENTS AND METHOD">In this retrospective, single-center study, 27 COVID-19 patients with hypertension, who were admitted to the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 25, 2020 to January 31, 2020, were analyzed for clinical features, laboratory parameters, medications and the length of stay. All the patients were given antiviral and antihypertension treatment, of which 14 patients were treated with RASI and 13 patients without RASI.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Comparing the two groups, we did not found statistically significant differences in clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. Furthermore, cough was not aggravated.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS">Through the analysis of this small sample, RASI could be deemed safe and effective to control high blood pressure of COVID-19 patients. Further analysis with a larger sampling size is required to explore the underlying mechanisms.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cui</LastName><ForeName>Haiming</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wu</LastName><ForeName>Feng</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fan</LastName><ForeName>Zhenyu</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cheng</LastName><ForeName>Xin</ForeName><Initials>X</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cheng</LastName><ForeName>Jilin</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: chengjilin@shphc.org.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fan</LastName><ForeName>Min</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: fanminyueyang@outlook.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><Language>spa</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>11</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Spain</Country><MedlineTA>Med Clin (Barc)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0376377</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0025-7753</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000806">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><SupplMeshList><SupplMeshName Type="Disease" UI="C000657245">COVID-19</SupplMeshName><SupplMeshName Type="Organism" UI="C000656484">severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</SupplMeshName></SupplMeshList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000369" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged, 80 and over</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000806" MajorTopicYN="N">Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000073640" MajorTopicYN="Y">Betacoronavirus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016022" MajorTopicYN="N">Case-Control Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002681" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">China</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018352" MajorTopicYN="N">Coronavirus Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000175" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnosis</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000209" MajorTopicYN="Y">etiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000628" MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003371" MajorTopicYN="N">Cough</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000139" MajorTopicYN="N">chemically induced</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006973" MajorTopicYN="N">Hypertension</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" 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Index</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Coronavirus disease 2019</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Enfermedad Coronavirus 2019</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Hipertensión</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Hypertension</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Renin-inhibidores del sistema de angiotensina</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="Y">Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>04</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>8</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32747012</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0025-7753(20)30362-6</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.medcli.2020.06.007</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7287454</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li></country></list><tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Cui, Haiming" sort="Cui, Haiming" uniqKey="Cui H" first="Haiming" last="Cui">Haiming Cui</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cheng, Jilin" sort="Cheng, Jilin" uniqKey="Cheng J" first="Jilin" last="Cheng">Jilin Cheng</name><name sortKey="Cheng, Xin" sort="Cheng, Xin" uniqKey="Cheng X" first="Xin" last="Cheng">Xin Cheng</name><name sortKey="Fan, Min" sort="Fan, Min" uniqKey="Fan M" first="Min" last="Fan">Min Fan</name><name sortKey="Fan, Zhenyu" sort="Fan, Zhenyu" uniqKey="Fan Z" first="Zhenyu" last="Fan">Zhenyu Fan</name><name sortKey="Wu, Feng" sort="Wu, Feng" uniqKey="Wu F" first="Feng" last="Wu">Feng Wu</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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